Foreign+Policy+Presentation

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Marshall Plan (1947) - U.S. concerned Europe's depressed economic condition = susceptible to communist influences --> Sec. of State George Marshall recommended European Recovery Plan
 * rehabilitate >20 nations (inc. Soviets who rejected)
 * > $12 billion dis in 4 years
 * helped restore important U.S. trade partners' economies and prevent spread of communism to W. Europe.

Kennan's Observations
 * The U.S. can exploit the Soviet's frail economy, the lassitude of its people, and the brutal nature of the leadership. And it would adopt policies that discourage USSR expansions.
 * It is unrealistic to expect good relations in the near future between Soviet-U.S.
 * Soviet mistrust of the outside world borders on paranoia.

He recommended containment. NATO was created.

Nixon Doctrine: []

Colonial/Revolution, Early Republic, Jacksonian Period, Civil War, Expansion, Imperialism, Progressives, WWI to WWII, "The New Stuff"


 * Colonial/Revolution**
 * ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Mercantilism (**aka British foreign policy regarding colonies**) - Wealth = Power; colonies supplied mother country w/ raw materials and provide market for exports
 * Navigation Laws (British laws regulating colonial commerce)
 * "Salutary Neglect" - only loosely enforced until 1763 - smuggling
 * Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍
 * In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted the "**Olive Branch Petition**", which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by the king.
 * **Declaration of Independence** - Thomas Jefferson - July 4, 1776
 * Saratoga - turning point in war - led to **alliance with France**
 * **Treaty of Paris** - Britian formally recognized U.S. independence; end of REvolutionary War


 * Early Republic**
 * Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
 * Jay's Treaty
 * **Pinckney's Treaty of 1795**
 * Washington urged against permanent alliances in Farewell Address
 * XYZ Affair
 * Lousiana Purchase
 * Essex? 1806
 * Embargo Act - passed by Jefferson 1807
 * Non Intercourse Act
 * Macon's Bill No. 2 --> War of 1812
 * Treaty of Ghent (Dec 1814)
 * The **Treaty of 1818** permitted the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with the Canadians and provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country without a surrender of the rights or claims of either America or Britain.
 * The **Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819**, Spain ceded Florida, as well as Spanish claims to Oregon in exchange for America's abandonment of claims to Texas.
 * George Canning --- proposed joint declaration w/ Britian
 * MONROE DOCTRINE - noncolinization & nonintervention


 * ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍Jacksonian ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍**


 * 1837 - //Caroline//
 * [|Webster-Ashburton Treaty]-settled [|Maine]-[|New Brunswick] border
 * Oregon country debate
 * Texas annexation debate
 * MANIFEST DESTINY
 * Democrats - pro-expansionism
 * **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo** on **February 2, 1848**.
 * **Clayton-Bulwer Treaty**
 * In **1854**, Japan was persuaded to sign a treaty that started the trade of America with Japan
 * the **Ostend Manifesto**. It stated that if Spain didn't allow America to buy Cuba for $120 million, then America would attack Cuba on grounds that Spain's continued ownership of Cuba endangered American interests.
 * Gadsen Purchase

> The common people of Britain supported the North, hoping to extinguish slavery. Britain restrained its own and French ironclads from breaking the Union blockade. > The British manufacturers depended upon cotton from the South, but before the war from **1857 to 1860**, a surplus of cotton had developed in Britain, allowing it to function without purchasing cotton from the South. In **1861**, the cotton supply ran out and many British factory workers were laid off. As Union armies penetrated the South, they sent cotton to Britain. **King Wheat** and **King Corn**, which were produced great quantities in the North, proved to be more powerful than **King Cotton**. Therefore, Britain wasn't able to break the blockade to gain cotton, because if it had, it would have lost the granary from the North. ‍‍‍‍‍‍
 * Civil War**
 * ‍‍‍‍‍‍The South counted on foreign intervention to win the war.
 * Trent Affair (1861)
 * 1863 - confed warships being produced in british supply yard or somethin
 * **April 9, 1865**, Lee was forced to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia (a significant portion of the Confederate army) at **Appomattox Courthouse** in Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War.

> __Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's__ book of 1890, The __Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783__, argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers. > __James G. Blaine__ published his **"Big Sister" policy** which aimed to rally the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and to open Latin American markets to American traders. >
 * ‍‍‍Expansion/Imperialism/Pogressivism ‍‍‍**
 * In **1867**, Secretary of State __William Seward__ signed a treaty with Russia that gave **Alaska** to the United States for $7.2 million. aka Sewards Folly
 * **1882**, Congress passed the first restrictive law against immigrants. It forced paupers, criminals, and convicts back to their home countries
 * **1882**, Congress barred the Chinese completely from immigrating to the United States (**Chinese Exclusion Act**).
 * __Reverend Josiah Strong's__//Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis// inspired missionaries to travel to foreign nations.
 * Venezuelan Squall
 * **Great Rapprochement**, or reconciliation, between the United States and Britain became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies.
 * **1887**, a treaty with the native government guaranteed **naval-base rights** at Pearl Harbor.
 * On **February 15, 1898**, the American ship, **//Maine//** blew up in the Havana port. The Spanish investigators deduced that it was an accident (spontaneous combustion in one of the coal bunkers) while the American investigators claimed that Spain had sunk it. The American people were convinced by the American investigators and war with Spain became imminent.
 * Although President McKinley did not want a war with Spain, the American people did. He felt that the people should rule so he sent his war message to Congress on **April 11, 1898**. Congress declared war and adopted the **Teller Amendment**. It proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.
 * The victory in the Philippines prompted the idea that Hawaii was needed as a supply base for Dewey in the Philippines. Therefore, Congress passed a joint resolution of Congress to **annex Hawaii** on **July 7, 1898**.
 * On **August 12, 1898**, Spain signed an armistice.
 * late **1898**, Spanish and American negotiators met in Paris to begin heated discussions. The Americans secured **Guam** and **Puerto Rico**, but the **Philippines** presented President McKinley with a problem
 * America therefore agreed to pay Spain **$20 million** for the Philippines.
 * By the **Foraker Act of 1900**, Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship
 * 1901 with the **//Insular Cases//**, the Supreme Court declared that the Constitution did not extend to the Philippines and Puerto Rico.
 * The United States, honoring the Teller Amendment of 1898, withdrew from Cuba in 1902. The U.S. forced the Cubans to write their own constitution of 1901 (the **Platt Amendment**). The constitution decreed that the United States might intervene with troops in Cuba in order to restore order and to provide mutual protection. The Cubans also promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations to the U.S.
 * Secretary of State __John Hay__ dispatched to all the great powers a communication known as the **Open Door** note. He urged the powers to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition.
 * **Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty** in Washington. The treaty gave the U.S. control of a 10-mile zone around the proposed Panama Canal.
 * Roosevelt therefore created a policy known as "**preventive intervention**." The **Roosevelt Corollary** to the Monroe Doctrine declared that in the event of future monetary problems of Latin American countries with European countries, the U.S. could pay off the Latin American counties' debts to keep European nations out of Latin America.
 * In **1908**, the **Root-Takahira agreement** was reached with Japan. The U.S. and Japan pledged themselves to respect each other's territorial possessions.


 * 1989-Bush sent troops to overthrow the Panamanian government and to stop the drug trade
 * Chinese Civil War
 * Began before WWII- Communist vs. Nationalist-Fought Japan together
 * U.S. sent $2 Billion to aid the Nationalists
 * Communists won- U.S. did not recognize the People’s Republic of China until 1971
 * Korean War
 * Korea was divided into two countries-Communist (North) and anti-communist (South)- both wanted to unify the country
 * North invaded South and the U.N. stepped in at the U.S.’s request
 * Stalemate signed with original arrangements-U.S. troops still occupy South Korea
 * Vietnam War
 * France tried to get back their colonial possession (Indochina)-created a war between the U.N. and the USS

1945 to 1980
 * Japan Surrenders
 * Japan surrendered September 2, 1945
 * Many people world-wide cheered- everyone was excited to be done with WWII and to start their lives over
 * Cold War- started almost immediately after WWII ended
 * No actual fighting occurred it was an arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
 * The race to create atomic weapons
 * The race to get to space, especially the moon
 * Due to the czar regime being overthrown in 1917 the USSR and the U.S. had their eyes on each other
 * Yalta Conference-Stalin, Churchill, and FDR
 * Met to plan the United Nations which took over the League of Nations
 * Met to divide Germany
 * Roosevelt was trying to appease Stalin
 * Truman Doctrine
 * President Truman asked Congress for $400 million to help Greece and Turkey resist Communism
 * Some claimed it made the world into Pro-USSR or Pro-US camps
 * Marshall Plan
 * Secretary of State George Marshall created a bill to lend money to European countries to get themselves back on their feet and trading with the U.S.
 * Italy became more leftist due to the lack of money (which Marshall’s Plan helped)
 * Berlin Blockade and Airlift
 * Berlin was divided into four sections (Great Britain, France, USSR, and U.S.)
 * USSR put up a blockade to force West and East Berlin to unite under communism
 * After a yearlong airlift the USSR gave up
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- Europe and the U.S. bonded together to watch the USSR
 * In response to an attack the other countries in NATO would attack
 * NATO created two opposing camps- USSR vs. the Western Europe and the U.S.
 * Division of Germany
 * In 1955 everyone pulled out of Germany except the USSR
 * Eisenhower talked to Premier Khrushchev about reuniting Germany but he refused after a spy plane was shot down over the USSR
 * Rising Tensions
 * John Foster Dulles a Republican expert on foreign affairs suggested to push the Soviets as far as they would go but have a stockpile of nuclear weapons just in case
 * Both nations wanted to reduce tensions but neither could agree
 * Arms Agreements
 * Limited Test Ban [T1] Treaty (1963)
 * Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968)
 * Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (1969-1972)
 * Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972)
 * Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (initiated in 1982)
 * Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Agreement (1987)
 * Containment Policy of South America
 * The U.S. worked hard to keep everyone out of the Western Hemisphere-although relations with the public were anti-U.S.
 * The U.S. created Organization of American States (OAS) to combat the negative outlook
 * 1954- The U.S. overthrew the president of Guatemala and put in a Pro-U.S. president
 * 1959-U.S. set up an embargo to discourage Cuba’s radical president
 * 1961-JFK approved a plan to overthrow Cuba’s radical president; most of the Cubans were taken down-JFK discouraged
 * 1962- U.S. spy planes surveyed Cuba and found Soviet missile sites (U.S. had some in Turkey)- invaded and forced the USSR’s hand in shutting them down
 * 1965-President Johnson sent troops to stop a leftist election
 * 1973-U.S. overthrew the democratically elected leader of Chile and replaced with military dictator
 * 1979-U.S. funded a rebel group to overthrow the leftist Nicaraguan government
 * 1983-Reagan sent troops to Grenada to overthrow the Cuban government there
 * [T1] Should I keep all these arms agreements?
 * Vietnam was divided between communist North and anti-communist South-Cause a war to unite the country
 * Domino Theory-one communist helps another and then more sprout
 * Diem (South’s president) was assassinated; 3 weeks later so was JFK
 * The U.S. tried to win or to get out but it didn’t come till 1973-after they had trained the Vietnamese military
 * Post-Vietnam Era
 * President Carter decided to make a shift in the U.S.’s foreign policy-create a better image
 * Gave Panama Canal back to the Panamanians
 * Gave aid to El Salvador’s rightist government during its civil war
 * Negotiated a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel
 * USSR invaded Afghanistan to support the Marxist government-the U.S. refused to participate in the Moscow Olympics and Carter supplied the guerrillas with weapons
 * Iran overthrew the U.S. backed shan because we supported Israel-took U.S. officials hostage\
 * President Reagan intervened where ever he saw fit-new Soviet government couldn’t and wouldn’t keep up; in response
 * Perestroika-A free-market was introduced in the USSR
 * Glasnost-Expanded citizen’s democratic and political freedoms
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 * Glasnost-Expanded citizen’s democratic and political freedoms
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