Intellectual

=**Darwintoc**= -english naturalist -wrote Origin of Species +theory of evolution +natural selection -influenced many American scientists -theory contradicted Lamarckian's version (Darwin=chance mutation, Lamarck =traits aquired over life) most scientists accepted theory after 1875 -theory became scientific orthodoxy after 1920 +few after 1920 used church's theory of special creation

**Louis Agassiz** (of Harcard)
-defended dogma of special creation -one of the scientists to not go off Darwin's or Lamarck's theory

**Accommodationists of the Church**
-left church's view of it's either the bible or science -wanted to not alienate educated thinkers -eventually leral thinkers were able to bridge gap between the two ways of thinking (Church's and Darwin's)

**Chautauqua Movement**
-menat to improve education of adults -had many lectures +usually held in tents +featured a lot of well known speakers -a lot of home study courses were taken -100,000 enrolled in program in 1892 -teachers included Booker T. Washington and Carrie Nation
 * -**started at Lake Chautuaqua, NY (1874)

=**Booker T. Washington**= -freed slave -wanted education for blacks -started Tuskegee College +educated blackes in specialized trades -Washington believed eventually through education social equality could be achieved gradually over time

**George W. Carver**
-started teaching at Tuskegee College 1896 -became world renound agricultural cheist -boosted southern economy by helping create uses for peanuts, potatoes, and soybeans

**Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois**
-first black to get a Ph.D. -wanted equality for blacks -helped found the NAACP (1910) -wanted action for equality

**Johns' Hopkins University**
-allowed scholars to get college education without going abroad -Dr. Woodrow Wilsongot degree his there

**Unity of Truth**
-created a single form of knowledge and morality -Universities taught the same thing

**Charles W. Elliot**
-young chemist -president of Harvard -changed motto to Veritas from Christo et Ecclesiae (symbolized that college was going to teach the truth not just what the church thought)

**Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur**
-helped create new standards for public sanitation

**William James**
-one of America's brightest -Pragmatist -worked at Harvard -wrote many books -//Principles of Psychology// +helped create standards for modern behavioral psychology -//The Will to Believe// and //Varieties of Reigous Experiences// +over the psychology of religion -//Pragmatism// +viewed America's ark on the history of philosophy

**Pragmatism**
-belief that the truth of an idea would e tested by its consequences -wanted to solve worlds problems -groups of schoars would get together and talk about lifes great questions +these groups included The Club and The Metaphysical Club -pragmatism arrived after Darwin's Theory which allowed it to grow more easily -helped correct conventional thinking pragmatism -faded out during the Cold War Era



___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Linda Venekamp, //Welcome to// Chautauqau, [] (December 31) 2. William James and H.S. Thayer, Pragmatism (Harvard College, 1975), xx-xxvii