Literature

= PIPI Literature =

1. **Darwin**

 * 1) //On the Origin of Species// (1859) toc
 * Theory of **evolution**-process of adaptation to environment triggered a natural selection process that led to evolutionary progress
 * Theory of **social darwinism** developed-comparison of the business world to the natural world in which competition weeded out the weak while the strong survived (survival of the fittest)

This video shows how Darwin's theory goes agaist Biblical teachings without denying the existence of a god--

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2. **Libraries**

 * Most extensive free public library system in the world in American cities
 * Boston Public Library (1895) - more than 700,000 books open to everyone with motto "Free to All"

3. Postwar Writing

 * 1) Dime Novels - quickly written paperback stories of the wild west and other romantic and adventurous settings that were usually sold for a dime
 * Ann S. Stephens - published first dime novel in 1860
 * Harland F. Halsey - the King of dime novels (wrote about 650)
 * 1) General Lewis Wallace
 * //Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ -// combated ideas and beliefs of Darwinism and reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith
 * 1) Horatio Alger - rags-to-riches books that told virtue, honesty, and industry were rewarded by his success, wealth, and honor
 * //Ragged Dick// - most notable rags-to-riches book
 * 1) Walt Whitman - one of the old writers who still remained active
 * He published revisions of //Leaves of Grassmedia type="youtube" key="JpKBEWo-UrI?fs=1" height="267" width="336" align="right"//
 * 1) Emily Dickinson - hermit of a poet whose many poems weren't published until after her death

4. Literary Landmarks

 * 1) Kate Chopin - adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions in the Awakening
 * 2) Mark Twain (under pen name of Samuel Clemens)
 * //The Adventures of Tom Sawyer// and //The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn//
 * //The Gilden Age// - Name also given to the era of corruption after the Civil War
 * //Roughing It -// about the wild West
 * //The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County//
 * 1) Henry James
 * //Daisy Miller// and //Portrait of a Lady// - often made women his central characters and explored their personalities
 * 1) William Dean Howells - wrote about ordinary people and controversial social themes
 * Editor in chief of the Atlantic Monthly
 * 1) Bret Harte - California gold rush stories
 * 2) Stephen Cane
 * Wrote about the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America (prostitutes, poverty, etc.) in books like //Maggie: Girl of the Street//
 * //The Red Badge of Courage// - tale about a Civil War Soldier
 * 1) Jack London - told of the wild unexplored regions of wilderness
 * //The Call of the Wild//, //White Fang//, and //The Iron Heel//
 * 1) Frank Norris
 * //The Octopus// - exposed the corruption of the railroads[[image:LAS.png width="421" height="232" align="right"]]
 * 1) Paul Laurence Dunbar & Charles W. Chesnutt - black writers - respectively used black dialect and folklore in poems and stories.

5. Women with the New Morality

 * 1) //Woodhull & Claflin's Weekley -// published by sisters Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin
 * Shocked readers with exposes of affairs and other astounding stories

6. Women Reformers
> through productive involvement in the economy
 * 1) //Women and Economics// (1898) //-// called for women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community
 * Published by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
 * 1) Helen Hunt Jackson - wrote about the mistreatment of the Native Americans by the government and other whites
 * //A Century of Dishonor// (1881) and //Ramona// (1884)

^ Kennedy, David M. //The American Pageant: 13th Edition// (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006). ^Roark, James L., et. al. //The American Promise: 3rd Edition// (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2005).